Firm investments
o R&D expenditures business sector (% of GDP)
o Non-R&D innovation expenditures (% of turnover)
o Innovation expenditure per person employed
| Overview of positive and negative outliers | Positive / Negative outlier |
| Firm investments | |
| 2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector | IL: 2013-2020 |
| 2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures | RS: 2016-2020; TR: 2013-2017 |
| 2.2.3 Innovation expenditure per person employed | BE: 2016-2018; DE: 2014-2018; SE: 2011-2018 |
| Innovation dimension / Indicator | Skewness | Skewness after trans-formation |
| Firm investments | ||
| 2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector | 0.633 | |
| 2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures | 1.451 | 0.374 |
| 2.2.3 Innovation expenditure per person employed | 0.627 |
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