| Overview of positive and negative outliers | Positive / Negative outlier |
| Attractive research systems | |
| 1.2.1 International scientific co-publications per million population | DK: 2019-2021; IS: 2016-2021; CH: 2014-2021 |
| 1.2.2 Top 10% most cited publications | |
| 1.2.3 Foreign doctorate students | LU: 2013-2020; CH: 2018-2020 |
| Innovation dimension / Indicator | Skewness | Skewness after trans-formation |
| Attractive research systems | ||
| 1.2.1 International scientific co-publications per million population | 0.690 | |
| 1.2.2 Top 10% most cited publications | 0.104 | |
| 1.2.3 Foreign doctorate students | 0.714 |