digital money transfer technology background
Finance and support
o R&D expenditures public sector (% of GDP)
o Venture capital expenditures (% of GDP)
o Direct government funding and government tax support for business R&D
| Overview of positive and negative outliers | Positive / Negative outlier |
| Finance and support | |
| 2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector | DK: 2013, 2015, 2018-2020 |
| 2.1.2 Venture capital expenditures | EE: 2021; CY: 2019-2021; LU: 2016; MT: 2017-2019; UK: 2021 |
| 2.1.3 Direct government funding and government tax support for business R&D | IE: 2014; FR: 20212-2019; HU: 2015; AT: 2012; SI: 2012-2013; UK: 2017-2019 |
| Innovation dimension / Indicator | Skewness | Skewness after trans-formation |
| Finance and support | ||
| 2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector | 0.187 | |
| 2.1.2 Venture capital expenditures | 1.143 | 0.286 |
| 2.1.3 Direct government funding and government tax support for business R&D | 0.840 |
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